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Military Demarcation Line

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The Military Demarcation Line within the Korean Demilitarized Zone.
Military Demarcation Line
Hangul
군사분계선 / 휴전선
Hanja
軍事分界線 / 休戰線
Revised RomanizationGunsabungyeseon / Hyujeonseon
McCune–ReischauerKunsabungyesŏn / Hyujŏnsŏn

The Military Demarcation Line (MDL), sometimes referred to as the Armistice Line, is the land border or demarcation line between North Korea and South Korea. On either side of the line is the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). The MDL and DMZ were established by the Korean Armistice Agreement.[1]

In the Yellow Sea, the two Koreas are divided by a de facto maritime "military demarcation line" and maritime boundary called the Northern Limit Line (NLL) drawn by the United Nations Command in 1953.[2] The NLL is not described by the Korean Armistice Agreement.[3]

Demarcation on land

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MDL sign in Joint Security Area, 1956.
Bridge MDL sign.
Bridge MDL sign in context.
The MDL between the North (left) and South (right), marked by a concrete slab between the conference buildings on JSA.

The DMZ runs near the 38th parallel, covering roughly 248 kilometers (154 mi).[4] American and South Korean soldiers patrol this line along the South Korean side while North Korean soldiers patrol along the North Korean side.

In Korean, the line is called the Hyujeonseon (휴전선), meaning "armistice line."[5] It is also sometimes called the Gunsa Bungye-seon (군사분계선), which literally means "military demarcation line." However, in colloquial usage, the dividing line is more often called the Sampalseon (삼팔선, "38th parallel"), a name likely coined at the end of World War II, when it would have been an accurate description of the North-South border.

The line itself is marked off by a series of 1,292 identical signs which are placed at intervals across the peninsula. The north facing side of the signs are written in Korean and Chinese,[6] and in Korean and English on the south facing side. The signs are now aging and rusting.[7]

Military incidents

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There have been frequent skirmishes along the line since the armistice ended the fighting of the Korean War.

Northern Limit Line

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The disputed maritime border between North and South Korea in the West Sea:[8]   A: United Nations Command-created Northern Limit Line, 1953[9]
  B: North Korea-declared "Inter-Korean MDL", 1999[10]
The locations of specific islands are reflected in the configuration of each maritime boundary, including
1. Yeonpyeong Island
2. Baengnyeong Island
3. Daecheong Island
Main article: Northern Limit Line
Main article: Korean maritime border incidents

Although the Korean Armistice Agreement specifies where the demarcation line and demilitarized zone are located on land, the agreement does not mention lines or zones in adjacent ocean waters.[11] Shortly after the signing of the Armistice, a line in the sea was drawn unilaterally by the United Nations Command (UNC).[12] This Northern Limit Line or North Limit Line (NLL) represented the northern limit of the area in which South Korea permits its vessels to navigate, not a demarcation line on which the two Koreas agreed.[13] The Korean Armistice Agreement (KAA) provisions regarding the MDL and DMZ do not extend into the Yellow Sea or Sea of Japan.[14]

In 1999, North Korea unilaterally asserted its own "North Korean Military Demarcation Line in the West Sea (Yellow Sea)",[15] also called the "Inter-Korean MDL in the Yellow Sea".[16]

Nonetheless, the UNC-drawn line functions as a de facto or "practical" extension of the 1953 MDL, despite occasional incursions and clashes.[17]

Joint Security Area crossing

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On October 16, 2018, the governments of North and South Korea agreed to allow locals and tourists to cross the Military Demarcation Line's infamous Joint Security Area location once it is cleared of personnel.[18][19][20] The crossings will resemble the brief moment South Korean President Moon Jae-in stepped into North Korea with North Korean Chairman Kim Jong-un on April 27, 2018.[18][19] After the Joint Security Area was cleared of armed military personnel on October 25, 2018, it was announced that tourism at the MDL crossing would be delayed.[21]

Establishment of buffer zones, no-fly zones and Yellow Sea peace zones

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On November 1, 2018, officials from the South Korean Ministry of Defense confirmed that buffer zones were established across the DMZ by the North and South Korean militaries to ensure that both militaries would keep their distance from the Military Demarcation Line (MDL).[22] In compliance with the Comprehensive Military Agreement which was signed at the September 2018 inter-Korean summit,[23] the buffer zones help ensure that both Koreas will ban hostility on land, air and sea.[22] The buffer zones stretch from the north of Deokjeok Island to the south of Cho Island in the West Sea and the north of Sokcho city and south of Tongchon County in the East (Yellow) Sea.[24] Both North and South Korea are prohibited from conducting live-fire artillery drills and regiment-level field maneuvering exercises or those by bigger units within 5 kilometers of the MDL.[22][23][24]

No-fly zones have also been established along the DMZ to ban the operation of drones, helicopters and other aircraft over an area up to 40 km away from the MDL.[22][23] For UAVs, the no-fly zone is 15 km from the MDL in the East and 10 km from the MDL in the West.[23] For hot-air balloons, the zone is within 25 km from the MDL.[23] For fixed-wing aircraft, no fly zones are designated within 40 km from the MDL in the East (between MDL Markers No. 0646 and 1292) and within 20 km of the MDL in the West (between MDL Markers No. 0001 and 0646).[23] For rotary-wing aircraft, the no fly zones are designated within 10 km of the MDL.[23]

Both Koreas also established "peace zones" in the area of the Yellow Sea which borders the MDL as well.[22][23]

Reconnecting of MDL-crossing road

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On November 22, 2018, North and South Korea completed construction to connect a three kilometer road along the DMZ.[25][26] The road, which travels across the MDL, has 1.7 km in South Korea and 1.3 km in North Korea.[26] The road was reconnected for the first time in 14 years in an effort to assist with a process at the DMZ's Arrowhead Hill involving the removal of landmines and exhumation of Korean War remains.[27][28][29]

Inter-Korean transportation services

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On November 30, 2018, following the removal of the "frontline" guard posts and Arrowhead Hill landmines, rail transportation between North and South Korea (which ceased in November 2008) resumed when a South Korean train crossed the MDL into North Korea.[30] On December 8, 2018, a South Korean bus crossed the MDL into North Korea.[31]

Military border crossing

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On December 12, 2018, militaries from both Koreas crossed the MDL into the opposition countries for the first time in history to verify the removal of "frontline" guard posts.[32][33]

On June 5, 2024, South Korea's military announced that it would resume all military activity on the MDL after the suspension of an inter-Korean military agreement.[34]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The MDL was defined and established in the Korean Armistice Agreement (KAA), Article I, paragraphs 1–11. The KAA includes provisions regarding the MDL and DMZ; but those provisions do not extend into the Yellow Sea or the Sea of Japan. The subsequently devised Northern Boundary Line or NLL Archived 2012-03-11 at the Wayback Machine was neither initially conceived as part of the MDL, nor have the DPRK and UNC agreed to any subsequent extension of the MDL beyond the agreed upon limits of 1953/7/27.
  2. ^ Ryoo, Moo Bong. (2009). "The Korean Armistice and the Islands," Archived 2013-02-21 at the Wayback Machine p. 5. Strategy research project at the U.S. Army War College; excerpt, "Strategic Consequences of the Agreement. The agreement to retain the five islands under UNC control has shaped many aspects of the security environment of the Korean Peninsula. The most obvious and prominent consequence is the establishment of the Northern Limit Line (NLL). The NLL has served as a practical maritime borderline and an effective means to separate the forces and thus prevent military clashes between the two Koreas"; compare Kim, Kwang-Tae. "After Exchange of Fire, N. Korea Threatens More Strikes on South," Archived 2010-11-26 at the Wayback Machine Time (US). November 23, 2010.
  3. ^ Pak, Hŭi-gwŏn. (2000). The Law of the Sea and Northeast Asia: a Challenge for Cooperation, , p. 108, at Google Books; excerpt, "Under the 1953 Armistice Agreement, the Military Demarcation Line was drawn across the Korean peninsula. Since no maritime demarcation line was specified in the Armistice Agreement, however, the United Nations Command drew the NLL...."
  4. ^ "Korean War History". lifeinkorea.com. Retrieved 12 January 2006.
  5. ^ See, e.g., Dictionary – Definition of armistice. Archived 2011-06-28 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ MDL sign seen from the North (JPG) (in Korean). i.pinimg.com.
  7. ^ North Korean troops cross the border for guard post inspections. 13 December 2018 – via www.youtube.com.
  8. ^ Ryoo, Moo Bong. (2009). "The Korean Armistice and the Islands," Archived 2013-02-21 at the Wayback Machine p. 13 (at PDF-p. 21 ). Strategy research project at the U.S. Army War College; retrieved 26 Nov 2010.
  9. ^ "Factbox: What is the Korean Northern Limit Line?" Reuters (UK). November 23, 2010; retrieved 26 Nov 2010.
  10. ^ Van Dyke, Jon et al. "The North/South Korea Boundary Dispute in the Yellow (West) Sea," Marine Policy 27 (2003), 143–58; note that "Inter-Korean MDL" is cited because it comes from an academic source Archived 2012-03-09 at the Wayback Machine and the writers were particular enough to include in quotes as we present it. The broader point is that the maritime demarcation line here is NOT a formal extension of the Military Demarcation Line; compare "NLL—Controversial Sea Border Between S.Korea, DPRK, " People's Daily (PRC), November 21, 2002; retrieved 22 Dec 2010
  11. ^ Glionna, John M. "Sea border a trigger for Korean peninsula tension," Los Angeles Times (US). January 6, 2011; retrieved 2011-07-28
  12. ^ Kim Young-koo. "A Maritime Demarcation Dispute on the Yellow Sea: Republic of Korea," Archived 2011-07-13 at the Wayback Machine Journal of East Asia and International Law (JEAIL), Volume 2, Number 2.
  13. ^ "Modern meaning of Korea's maritime line," The Hankyoreh (ROK). October 15, 2007.
  14. ^ In principle, the UNC and DPRK could agree to extend the MDL into the Yellow Sea (IAW para. 62 of the KAA); however, there is no such agreement.
  15. ^ Zou, Keyuan. (2005). Law of the Sea in East Asia: Issues and Prospects, , p. 7, at Google Books; excerpt, "In response to the unilateral NLL, the North Korean authorities declared after the 1999 incident (on 2 September 1999), that they had set up a 'North Korean Military Demarcation Line in the West Sea (Yellow Sea)' which overlaps with the existing NLL"; Lee, Hy-Sang Lee. (2001). North Korea: a Strange Socialist Fortress, p. 191, p. 191, at Google Books; "South Korea is a criminal without principle." – Noth Korea [sic] Sri Lanka Guardian, November 25, 2010.
  16. ^ "NLL—Controversial Sea Border Between S.Korea, DPRK, " People's Daily (PRC), 2002-11-21; retrieved 2010-11-26.
  17. ^ Ryoo, p. 11; excerpt, "The NLL has served as an effective means of preventing military tension between North and South Korean military forces for 46 years. It serves as a practical demarcation line, which has contributed to the separation of forces." 1999 United Nations Command (Korea); Aigner, Erin and Haeoun Park. "Military Strike in the Waters Between North and South Korea," New York Times. November 23, 2010; Williams, David and Peter Simpson. retrieved 22 Dec 2010.
  18. ^ a b Leadbeater, Chris (19 October 2018). "Selfies in the Korean DMZ – and other unusual border travel experiences". The Telegraph.
  19. ^ a b "Tourists May Soon Get to Walk Across the DMZ Between North and South Korea". Bloomberg.com.
  20. ^ "Tourists will soon be allowed to walk across the world's tensest border". Traveller. 18 October 2018.
  21. ^ "South Korea disarms Joint Security Area in North-South border". UPI.
  22. ^ a b c d e "Yonhap News Agency".
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h "Agreement on the Implementation of the Historic Panmunjom Declaration in the Military Domain" (PDF). The National Committee on North Korea. p. 2.
  24. ^ a b "Two Koreas end military drills, begin operation of no-fly zone near MDL: MND". NK News – North Korea News. 1 November 2018.
  25. ^ "(2nd LD) Koreas connect road inside heavily fortified DMZ". Yonhap News Agency. 22 November 2018.
  26. ^ a b "South, North Korea connect border road through DMZ". www.aa.com.tr.
  27. ^ "After 14 years, a road to unite the Koreas and recover the remains of the fallen". www.asianews.it.
  28. ^ "North and South Korea join roads after 14 years". Reuters. 23 November 2018. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024 – via Yahoo News.
  29. ^ "North and South Korea join roads after 14 years". The Cairns Post.[permanent dead link‍]
  30. ^ Avagnina, Gianluca (30 November 2018). "First train in a decade departs South Korea for North Korea". The Telegraph.
  31. ^ "Joint Inspection of N. Korea's Eastern Rail Line Begins". world.kbs.co.kr.
  32. ^ "Troops cross North-South Korea Demilitarized Zone in peace for 1st time ever". www.cbsnews.com. 12 December 2018.
  33. ^ "North and South Korean soldiers enter each other's territory – North invades the South". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  34. ^ "South Korea to resume all military activities along demarcation line". Reuters. 4 June 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024.

References

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